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The Light of the World

The Light of the World
Oil on canvas
William Holman-Hunt
About 1900-1904

“I am the Light of the World; he who follows Me will not walk in darkness, but will have the Light of life”. St John’s Gospel records Christ’s proclamation which inspired Holman Hunt to paint this world famous image. This is the third version of the allegory painted by the artist. The first, of 1853, resides in Keeble College Oxford and the second, painted shortly afterwards, can be seen in the Manchester Art Gallery. The St Paul’s canvas was painted over fifty years later, with the assistance of Edward Robert Hughes, and it is thought to be the culmination of Holman-Hunt’s vision.
This “sermon in a  frame” became the most travelled art work in history. On completion in 1904 it toured the globe visiting most of the major towns and cities in: Canada, South Africa, New Zealand and Australia. It has been seen by millions of people and is one of the best known works of its period. Purchased from Holman-Hunt by the industrialist Charles Booth it was donated to St Paul’s and dedicated at a service in June 1908. The choir sang psalm 119 which includes the verse : “Thy word is a lantern unto my feet and a light unto my path”. Today the painting forms an altarpiece in the Cathedral’s  Middlesex Chapel, where it serves as an object of devotion and contemplation. Conveying the message  : The saviour of the world is alive and will dwell in the hearts of those who admit him.
There are two lights shown in the picture. The lantern is the light of conscience and the light around the head of Christ is the light of salvation. The door represents the human soul, which cannot be opened for the outside. There is no handle on the door, and the rusty nails and hinges overgrown with ivy denote that the door has never been opened and that the figure of Christ is asking permission to enter. The morning star appears near Christ, the dawn of a new day, and the autumn weeds and fallen fruit represent the autumn of life. The writing beneath the picture, is taken from Revelation 3 ‘Behold I stand at the door and knock. If any man hear my voice and open the door I will come in to him and will sup with him and he with me.’
The orchard of apple trees evokes several biblical references. The tree of knowledge in the garden of Eden was, according to legend, an apple tree and in some Christian traditions the wood of that tree was miraculously saved to construct the cross on which Christ was crucified. The fallen apples could symbolise the fall of man, original sin, and sometimes in Italian art can refer to redemption. Neil McGregor, Director of the British Museum,  has noted that in the painting Christ not only knocks at the door; he is himself the door.
The extraordinary Renaissance style frame which surrounds and supports the painting is the work of two female artists: Hilda Herbert and a Miss Smith. Hilda studied at the National Art Training School in South Kensington and was friends with Holman-Hunt’s daughter, Gladys, and together they had made a cassone (or Italian marriage chest) using much the same materials as are used in the frame: wood; gesso ( a mixture of chalk, glue and white pigment) and gilding. Hilda wrote that the frame was ‘a work of months of patience, not only because it was a very long job, and though Holman-Hunt knew what he wanted, his sight was not good, his sketches were too vague for words: no – not for words, but for carving’.
Further reading:
Holman Hunt and the Pre-Raphaelite Vision, Art Gallery of Ontario, Toronto 2008
Seeing Salvation: The Image of Christ, The National Gallery, London 2000

 

The Italian Job: Inside the Madonna del Ghisallo

IN A competition to decide which sport has the highest regard for its traditions, cycling would have to be a podium contender, writes Paul Cooper.
Today’s world of professional cycling is modern, high-tech, money-focused and slick. Yet the seemingly endless supply of cycling history books, welter of fans who appear to have read most of them and their almost reverential regard for bygone races and race heroes, mean that, in cycling, historic past often feels only a hair’s breadth from 21st century present.
And if there is a place and time in the world of cycling where the two seem to edge even closer, that place is at the crest of a remote mountain road high above Lake Como in Northern Italy.
Known as the Ghisallo Pass, it crosses the mountainous peninsula that divides Lake Como to connect the elegant lakeside town of Bellagio with the historic city of Como. The time is Il Lombardia race day – the arduous end of season monument sometimes lyrically called the ‘Tour of the Falling Leaves’.
The crest of the Ghisallo Pass is reached after a tough six-mile climb from Bellagio. Snaking its way from the lake and negotiating more than 20 hairpin bends, it offers tantalising glimpses of the Italian and Swiss Alps until the final ramped section enters the hamlet of Magreglio.
As it does, it passes the small wayside chapel of the Madonna del Ghisallo. Dominated by a tall bell tower, the chapel – and one of only a handful of buildings in Magreglio – marks the crest of the climb as the road levels before its long and steady descent towards Como.
This is no ordinary wayside chapel. No matter what changes are made to the demanding route of Il Lombardia, it always includes the Ghisallo Pass.
Here often proves crucial to the outcome of the overall race and the peal of the chapel’s bells, perched directly above the final stages of the climb, is synonymous with announcing the arrival of the riders to the many waiting fans on the mountain and is an annual feature of Italian sporting life.
Visited by no less than three popes, the chapel is a place of pilgrimage for cyclists throughout the world who have adopted the Madonna as their patroness.
The chapel’s origins can be traced to the 12th Century. Legend has it that, crossing the remote mountain pass, the Count of Ghisallo was threatened by bandits. Making his escape, he sought refuge at a wayside shrine to the Madonna.
He prayed desperately to her until she appeared causing his attackers to flee. Deeply grateful, he made and honoured a pledge to enhance the shrine. In 1645, the small church was built and a painting of the Madonna and Child installed. It still hangs above the altar today.
The reputation of the Madonna as a protector of vulnerable travellers grew with every local retelling of the legend. But it was not until 1905, when the specific association with cycling began to emerge.
It was then that the first edition of the Giro di Lombardia (as it was then called) passed the chapel, making known the chapel’s existence to cyclists and cycling fans throughout Italy.
The location of the chapel, at the highest point of a tough climb, with breathtaking views to Lake Como, Switzerland and Milan, as well its association with protecting travellers, endeared it to cyclists.
They began to make devotions of their own and prayed at the chapel for racing success and for protection from the perils of their sport – leaving votive offerings, including race jerseys, bikes – on which they had won major races – and other sporting trophies.
By the golden age of Italian cycling in the 1940s, the chapel and its growing collection of cycling artefacts, as well as its devotional link to the sport, were becoming well-known in Italy. Crucially, it was then that a Jesuit priest, Father Ermelindo Vigano, began his 41-year period as Magreglio’s parish priest.
A devoted cycling fan, he welcomed cyclists to the chapel – some top Italian riders even married there – and he established a small cycling museum.
In October 1949, he made a successful application to Pope Pius XII, another cycling fan, to formally decree the Madonna of Ghisallo the ‘Patron Saint of Italian Cyclists.’
The Pontiff also blessed the chapel’s sanctuary lamp at his summer residence in Castel Gandolfo. Entitled the ‘Permanent Flame of the Ghisallo,’ the flame was then transported by cyclists, including rivals Fausto Coppi and Gino Bartali, in a relay ride to its mountaintop destination.
Inside the chapel is like few other places of worship – both a shrine to the Madonna del Ghisallo and a veneration of the history of the sport of cycling. Its walls are weighted with cycling memorabilia – both fascinating, and deeply touching.
Bikes that record a rivalry that once divided Italy, those of Fausto Coppi and Gino Bartali, sit close to each other; a bike ridden by Eddy Mercks in the Tour de France is there, as is the bike ridden by Alfonsina Strada.
Little known now, in 1924, Strada, aged 34, became the only woman ever to ride in the Giro d’Italia, completing every inch of the 2,245-mile race without team support.
There is a poetic tribute to Marco Pantani. And, perhaps most poignantly of all, there is the bike ridden by Como’s son, Fabio Casartelli, on the day of his tragic death on the on the Col de Portet D’Aspet in the 1995 Tour de France.
On race day this year, in true mountain-top form, the crowd was deep, noisy, multi-national and poised to surge to the riders when the chapel bells heralded their arrival.
Amongst them was a group of Scottish riders combining a cycling trip to the area with support for Il Lombardia.
Jim Watson, from Lanarkshsire’s Coatbridge Clarion, said: “The climb up here was tough, but great and when you see the history in the chapel it’s just fantastic.
“To see the bikes and jerseys with the great riders names on them, it’s phenomenal. It’s just great history.”
For the many riders from local Italian clubs, there was an unmistakable feeling of special annual reunion – a time to meet up with old club mates and review the season.
Davide Perere, from Pedale Bellanese of Como, said: “Every time there is a race of importance, like the Giro d’Italia or Il Lombardia, Pedale Bellanese riders come up here.
“The chapel is made special by the bicycles and jerseys of famous riders throughout history. It is full of soul and significance.”
A significant experience of another kind belonged to Radu and Elena Arsene, from Magreglio. Married on the day of Il Piccolo Lombardia (the shorter race for under-23 professional riders, which runs on the day preceding Il Lombardia) they made a detour to the busts of Fausto Coppi, Alfredo Binda and Gino Bartali, which guard the chapel entrance, and where Radu, a keen cyclist, was keen to record their marriage vows.
This October, Il Lombardia was won by Ireland’s 28-eight year-old, Dan Martin. After crossing the finish line in dramatic fashion in Bergamo, he spoke warmly about the traditions and beauty of the race and the part played by the Madonna del Ghisallo chapel in perpetuating that beauty.
Telling of his many prior visits, he described passing the chapel during the race as a very special experience.
So it’s all there – spectacular landscape, sport, spirituality, excitement, camaraderie and community. All intertwined with the commemoration of fallen riders and celebration of a bygone, golden age of cycling.
The mesh of the past with the present was the great theme of the American writer William Faulkner. In interview, he said: “There is no such thing really as was because the past is. It is a part of every man, every woman, and every moment.”
Each year, as the Tour of the Falling Leaves draws the European pro-season towards its close, his words ring true with the peal of chapel bells high above Lake Como.